REST is about using URIs to identify resources, using a small set of uniform actions (like, but not restricted to, HTTP's GET, PUT, POST, DELETE) to modify those resources, and transferring those resources using a representation of the resource.
For example, REST differs from RemoteProcedureCalls (RPCs) in that RPCs do not identify resources using a URI, they encourage a large number of actions (methods) to be performed, and they are more about passing parameters to those actions than about transferring state.
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